Atmospheric bioaerosols include pollen from trees and grasses, fungi spores, various bacteria, viruses, semi-volatile biogenic organic aerosols, etc. They all have two common features: (i) their seasonal behavior is closely connected with the vegetation composition and state, (ii) their release and transport in the air is decided by the meteorological conditions. One can also add some of the smallest insects, such as aphids, into this list. Modelling of these aerosols starts from phenological model, which describes their maturation and presentation to some “ready-to-fly” storages. Under favorable meteorological conditions, the ready particles can be taken into the air by wind and turbulence, and then transported by the air flows. The most-significant impact of these aerosols refers to environmental and human health and well-being.

Real-time pollen concentrations in Helsinki (FMI main building)

Real-time coarse aerosols concentrations in Helsinki (FMI main building)

Site: Helsinki Kumpula, FMI main building, roof level (Lat = 60°12.17', Lon = 24°57.66', altitude above sea level = 28m, height above surface = 15m). Experimental monitoring protocol, research purposes only.

References

Sofiev, M., Bergman, K.C. (2012) Allergenic pollen. A review of the production, release, distribution and health impacts. M.Sofiev, K.C.Bergman (eds.), XI + 247 pp., ISBN 978-94-007-4881-1, Springer.

Daunys, G., Šukiene, L. Vaitkevichius, L., Valiulis, G., Sofiev, M., Šauliene, I. (2021) Clustering approach for the analysis of the fluorescent bioaerosol collected by an automatic detector. PLOIS One, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247284

Damialis, A., Gilles, S., Sofiev, M., Sofieva, V. and Kolek, F. Bayr, D. Plaza, Maria P. Leier-Wirtz, V. Kaschuba, S. Ziska, L. H. Bielory, L. Makra, L., del Mar Trigo, M. Traidl-Hoffmann, C. (2021) Higher airborne pollen concentrations correlated with increased SARS-CoV-2 infection rates, as evidenced from 31 countries across the globe. Proc. Nat. Academy of Sciense, 118, 12, doi = 10.1073/pnas.2019034118, https://www.pnas.org/content/118/12/e2019034118.

Sofiev, M, Palamarchuk, Y, Bédard, A., Basagana, X., Anto, J.M., Kouznetsov, R., Delgado Urzua, R., Bergmann, K.C. Fonseca, J.A., De Vries, G., Van Erd, M., Annesi-Maesano, I., Laune, D., Pépin, J.L., Jullian-Desayes, I., Zeng, S., Czarlewski, W., Bousquet, J (2020) A demonstration project of Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases: Prediction of interactions between air pollution and allergen exposure — the Mobile Airways Sentinel NetworK - Impact of air POLLution on Asthma and Rhinitis approach, Chinese Medical Journal, 133 (13), DOI 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000916.

Clot, B., Gilge, S., Hajkova, L. Magyar, D., Scheifinger, H., Sofiev, M., Butler, F., Tummon, F. (2020) The EUMETNET AutoPollen programme: establishing a prototype automatic pollen monitoring network in Europe. Aerobiologia. doi:10.1007/s10453-020-09666-4.

Willem W. Verstraeten, Kouznetsov, R., Hoebeke, L,, Bruffaerts, N., Sofiev, M., Delcloo, A.W. (2020) Modelling grass pollen levels in Belgium. Sci. Tot. Envir., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141903, Volume 753, 20 January 2021, 141903.

Bousquet, J., Anto, J.M., Bachert, C., Haahtela, T., Zuberbier, T., Czarlewski, W., Bedbrook, A., Bosnic‐Anticevich, S., Walter Canonica, G., Cardona, V., ElisioCosta, , Cruz, A.A., Erhola, M., Fokkens, W.J., Fonseca, J.A., Illario, M., CarlosIvancevich, J., Jutel, M., Klimek, L., PiotrKuna, , Kvedariene, V., Le, L., Larenas‐Linnemann, D., Laune, D., Lourenço, O.M., Melén, E., Mullol, J., Niedoszytko, M., Odemyr, M., Okamoto, Y., Papadopoulos, N.G., Patella, V., Pfaar, O., Pham‐Thi, N., Rolland, C., Samolinski, B., Sheikh, A., Sofiev, M., SuppliUlrik, C., Todo‐Bom, A., Tomazic, P.V., Toppila‐Salmi, S., Tsiligianni, I., Valiulis, A., Valovirta, E., Ventura, M.‐T., Walker, S., Williams, S., Yorgancioglu, A., Agache, I., Akdis, C.A., Almeida, R., Ansotegui, I.J., Annesi‐Maesano, I., Arnavielhe, S., Basagaña, X., Bateman, E., Bédard, A., Bedolla‐Barajas, M., Becker, S., Bennoor, K.S., Benveniste, S., Bergmann, K.C., Bewick, M., Bialek, S., Billo, N., Bindslev‐Jensen, C., Bjermer, L., Blain, H., Bonini, M., Bonniaud, P., Bosse, I., Bouchard, J., Boulet, L.P., Bourret, R., Boussery, K., Braido, F., Briedis, V., Briggs, A., Brightling, C.E., JanBrozek, , Brusselle, G., Brussino, L., Buhl, R., Buonaiuto, R., Calderon, M.A., Camargos, P., Camuzat, T., Caraballo, L., Carriazo, A.M., Carr, W., Cartier, C., Casale, T., Cecchi, L., Cepeda Sarabia, A.M., Chavannes, N., Chkhartishvili, E., Chu, D.K., Cingi, C., Correia de Sousa, J., Costa, D.J., Courbis, A.L., Custovic, A., Cvetkosvki, B., D'Amato, G., da Silva, J., Dantas, C., Dokic, D., Dauvilliers, Y., De Feo, G., De Vries, G., Devillier, P., Di Capua, S., Dray, G., Dubakiene, R., Durham, S.R., Dykewicz, M., Ebisawa, M., Gaga, M., El‐Gamal, Y., Heffler, E., Emuzyte, R., Farrell, J., Fauquert, J.‐L., Fiocchi, A., Fink‐Wagner, A., Fontaine, J.‐F., Fuentes Perez, J.M., Gemicioğlu, B., Gamkrelidze, A., Garcia‐Aymerich, J., Gevaert, P., Gomez, M., González Diaz, S., Gotua, M., Guldemond, N.A., Guzmán, M.‐A., Hajjam, J., Huerta Villalobos, Y.R., Humbert, M., Iaccarino, G., Ierodiakonou, D., TomohisaIinuma, , Jassem, E., Joos, G., Jung, K.‐S., Kaidashev, I., Kalayci, O., Kardas, P., Keil, T., Khaitov, M., Khaltaev, N., Kleine‐Tebbe, J., Kouznetsov, R., Kowalski, M.L., Kritikos, V., Kull, I., La Grutta, S., Leonardini, L., Ljungberg, H., Lieberman, P., Lipworth, B., Lodrup Carlsen, K.C., Lopes‐Pereira, C., Loureiro, C.C., Louis, R., Mair, A., Mahboub, B., Makris, M., Malva, J., Manning, P., Marshall, G.D., Masjedi, M.R., Maspero, J.F., Carreiro‐Martins, P., Makela, M., Mathieu‐Dupas, E., Maurer, M., De Manuel Keenoy, E., Melo‐Gomes, E., Meltzer, E.O., Menditto, E., Mercier, J., Micheli, Y., Miculinic, N., Mihaltan, F., Milenkovic, B., Mitsias, D., Moda, G., Mogica‐Martinez, M.‐D., Mohammad, Y., Montefort, S., Monti, R., Morais‐Almeida, M., Mösges, R., Münter, L., Muraro, A., Murray, R., Naclerio, R., Napoli, L., Namazova‐Baranova, L., Neffen, H., Nekam, K., Neou, A., Nordlund, B., Novellino, E., Nyembue, D., O'Hehir, R., Ohta, K., Okubo, K., Onorato, G.L., Ouedraogo, S.,Palamarchuk, J., Pali‐Schöll, I., Panzner, P., Park, H.‐S., Passalacqua, G., Pépin, J.‐L., Paulino, E., Phillips, J., Picard, R., Pinnock, H., Plavec, D., Popov, T.A., Portejoie, F., Price, D., Prokopakis, E.P., Psarros, F., Pugin, B., Puggioni, F., Quinones‐Delgado, P., Raciborski, F., Rajabian‐Söderlund, R., Regateiro, F.S., Reitsma, S., Rivero‐Yeverino, D., Roberts, G., Roche, N., Rodriguez‐Zagal, E., Rolland, C., Roller‐Wirnsberger, R.E., Rosario, N., Romano, A., Rottem, M., Ryan, D., Salimäki, J., Sanchez‐Borges, M.M., Sastre, J., Scadding, G.K., Scheire, S., Schmid‐Grendelmeier, P., Schünemann, H.J., Serpa, F., Shamji, M., Sisul, J.‐C., Sofiev, M., Solé, D., Somekh, D., Sooronbaev, T., Sova, M., Spertini, F., Spranger, O., Stellato, C., Stelmach, R., Thibaudon, M., To, T., MondherToumi, , Usmani, O., Valero, A., Valenta, R., Valentin‐Rostan, M., van der Kleij, R., Van Eerd, M., Vandenplas, O., Vasankari, T., Vaz Carneiro, A., Vezzani, G., Viart, F., Viegi, G., Wallace, D., Wagenmann, M., Wang, D.Y., Waserman, S., Wickman, M., Williams, D.M., Wong, G., Wroczynski, P., Yiallouros, P.K., Yusuf, O.M., Zar, H.J., Zeng, S., Zernotti, M.E., Zhang, L., Zhong, N.S. and Zidarn, M. (2020), ARIA digital anamorphosis: Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice. Allergy., doi:10.1111/all.14422

Jean Bousquet, Josep M. Anto, Tari Haahtela, Pekka Jousilahti, Marina Erhola, Xavier Basagaña, Wienczyslawa Czarlewski, Mikaëla Odemyr, Susanna Palkonen, Mikael Sofiev, César Velasco, Anna Bedbrook, Rodrigo Delgado, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Mika Mäkelä, Yuliia Palamarchuk, Kimmo Saarinen, Erja Tommila, Erkka Valovirta, Tuula Vasankari, Torsten Zuberbier, Isabella Annesi Maesano, Samuel Benveniste, Eve Mathieu Dupas, Jean Louis Pépin, Robert Picard, Stéphane Zeng, Julia Ayache, Nuria Calves Venturos, Yann Micheli, Ingrid Jullian Desayes Daniel Laune (2020) Digital transformation of health and care to sustain Planetary Health: The MASK proof-of-concept for airway diseases—POLLAR symposium under the auspices of Finland’s Presidency of the EU, 2019 and MACVIA-France, Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases (GARD, WH0) demonstration project, Reference Site Collaborative Network of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 10 :24 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13601-020-00321-2.

Bédard, Annabelle, Mikhail Sofiev, Sylvie Arnavielhe, Josep M. Antó, Judith Garcia-Aymerich, Michel Thibaudon, Karl Christian Bergmann, Ruta Dubakiene, Anna Bedbrook, Gabrielle L. Onorato, Isabella Annesi-Maesano, Jean-Louis Pépin, Daniel Laune, Stéphane Zeng, Jean Bousquet, Xavier Basagaña (2020) Interactions Between Air Pollution and Pollen Season for Rhinitis Using Mobile Technology: A MASK-POLLAR Study. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8, 3, 1063-1073, ISSN 2213-2198, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.022, http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219819309626

Pfaar O, Karatzas K, Bastl K, Berger U, Buters J, Darsow U, Demoly P, Durham SR, Galán C, Gehrig R, Gerth van Wijk R, Jacobsen L, Katsifarakis N, Klimek L, Saarto A, Sofiev M, Thibaudon M, Werchan B, Bergmann KC (2020) Pollen season is reflected on symptom load for grass and birch pollen-induced allergic rhinitis in different geographic areas - an EAACI Task Force Report. Allergy. 75, 1099-1106, doi: 10.1111/all.14111.

Predrag Lugonja, Sanja Brdar, Isidora Simović, Gordan Mimić, Julia Palamarchuk, Mikhail Sofiev, and Branko Šikoparija (2019) Integration of in situ and satellite data for top-down mapping of Ambrosia infection level. Remote Sensing of Environment, 235 111455, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111455 .

Willem W. Verstraeten, Se ́bastien Dujardin, Lucie Hoebeke, Nicolas Bruffaerts, Rostislav Kouznetsov, Nicolas Dendoncker, Rafiq Hamdi, Catherine Linard, Marijke Hendrickx, Mikhail Sofiev, Andy W. Delcloo (2019) Spatio-temporal monitoring and modelling of birch pollen levels in Belgium. Aerobiologia. Aerobiologia (2019) 35, pp. 703–717, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10453-019-09607-w.

Sofiev, M. (2019) On possibilities of assimilation of near-real-time pollen data by atmospheric composition models. Aerobiologia, doi:10.1007/s10453-019-09583-1, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10453-019-09583-1, 35(3), 523-531.

Šaulienė, Ingrida , Šukienė, Laura, Daunys, Gintautas, Valiulis, Gediminas, Vaitkevičius, Lukas, Matavulj, Predrag, Brdar, Sanja, Panic, Marko, Sikoparija, Branko, Clot, Bernard, Crouzy, Benoît, Sofiev, Mikhail (2019) Automatic pollen recognition with the Rapid-E particle counter: the first-level procedure, experience and next steps, Atmosph.Meas.Techniqie, 12, 3435-3452, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3435-2019.

Pfaar, O., Bastl, K., Berger, U., Buters, J, Calderon, M. A., Clot, B., Darsow, U, Demoly, P., Durham6, S. R., Galan, C., Gehrig, R., Gerth van Wijk, R., Jacobsen, L. Klimek, L., Sofiev, M., Thibaudon, M., Bergmann, K.-C. (2017) Defining pollen exposure times for clinical trials of allergen immunotherapy for pollen-induced rhinoconjunctivitis – an EAACI position paper. Allergy, 72 : 5, pp. 713-722.

Galan, C. Ariatti, A. Bonini, M., Clot, B., Crouzy, B., Dahl, A., Fernandez-Gonzalez, D., Frenguelli, G., Gehrig, R., Isard, S., Levetin, E., Li, D. W., Mandrioli, P. Rogers, C. A., Thibaudon, M., Sauliene, I., Skjoth, C., Smith, M., Sofiev, M. (2017) Recommended terminology for aerobiological studies. Aerobiologia, DOI 10.1007/s10453-017-9496-0, v. 33, pp. 293–295. Ritenberga, O., Sofiev, M., Siljamo, P., Saarto, A., Dahl, A., Ekebom, A., Sauliene, I., Shalaboda, V., Severova, E., Hoebeke, L., Ramfjord, H. (2017) A statistical model for predicting the inter-annual variability of birch pollen abundance in Northern and North-Eastern Europe. Science of total environment., 615, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.061.

Sofiev, M., Ritenberga, O., Albertini, R., Arteta, J., Belmonte, J., Bonini, M., Celenk, S., Damialis, A., Douros, J., Elbern, H., Friese, E., Galan, C., Gilles, O., Hrga, I., Kouznetsov, R., Krajsek, K., Parmentier, J., Plu, M., Prank, M., Robertson, L., Steensen, B. M., Thibaudon, M., Segers, A., Stepanovich, B., Valdebenito, A. M., Vira, J., and Vokou, D.: (2017) Multi-model ensemble simulations of olive pollen distribution in Europe in 2014, Atmos. Chem. Phys., doi:10.5194/acp-2016-1189, https://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/17/12341/2017/acp-17-12341-2017.html. Sofiev, M., (2017) On impact of transport conditions on variability of the seasonal pollen index. Aerobiologia, 33, 1, pp. 167–179, doi:10.1007/s10453-016-9459-x.

Ritenberga, O., Sofiev, M., Kirillova, V., Kalnina, L., Genikhovich, E. (2016) Statistical modelling of non-stationary processes of atmospheric pollution from natural sources: example of birch pollen. Agriculture and Forest Meteorol. v.226–227, pp.96–107.

Bastl, K., Kmenta, M., Pessi, A.-M., Prank, M., Saarto, A., Sofiev, M., Bergmann, K.-C., Buters, J.T.M., Thibaudon, M., Jäger, S,† Berger, U. (2016) First comparison of symptom data with allergen content (Bet v 1 and Phl p 5 measurements) and pollen data from four European regions during 2009-2011. Science of total environ., 548-549, pp. 229-235, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.014.

Sofiev, M., Berger, U., Prank, M., Vira, J., Arteta, J., Belmonte, J., Bergmann, K.-C., Chéroux, F., Elbern, H., Friese, E., Galan, C., Gehrig, R., Khvorostyanov, D., Kranenburg, R., Kumar, U., Marécal, V., Meleux, F., Menut, L., Pessi, A.-M., Robertson, L., Ritenberga, O., Rodinkova, V., Saarto, A., Segers, A., Severova, E., Sauliene, I., Siljamo, P., Steensen, B. M., Teinemaa, E., Thibaudon, M., and Peuch, V.-H. (2015) MACC regional multi-model ensemble simulations of birch pollen dispersion in Europe, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 8115-8130, doi:10.5194/acp-15-8115-2015, http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/8115/2015/.

Sofiev, M., Vira, J., Kouznetsov, R., Prank, M., Soares, J., Genikhovich, E. (2015) Construction of the SILAM Eulerian atmospheric dispersion model based on the advection algorithm of Michael Galperin, Geosci.Model Developm. 8, 3497-3522, doi:10.5194/gmd-8-3497-2015.

Buters, J.T., Prank, M., Sofiev, M., Pusch, G., Albertini, R., Annesi-Maesano, I., Antunes, C., Behrendt, H., Berger, U., Brandao, R., Selenk, S., Galan, C., Grewling, L., Jackowiak, B., Kennedy, R., Rantio-Lehtimaaki, A., Reese, G., Sauliene, I., Smith, M., Thibaudon, M., Weber, B. Cecchi, L. (2015) Variation of the group 5 grass pollen allergen content of airborne pollen in relation to geographical location and time in season. J of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.01.049, 136, pp.87-95, 95.e1-95.e6.

Ring, J; Akdis, C; Lauener, R; Schappi, G; Traidl-Hoffmann, C; Akdis, M; Ammann, W; Behrendt, H; Bieber, T; Biedermann, T; Bienenstock, J; Blaser, K; Braun-Fahrlander, C; Brockow, K; Buters, J; Crameri, R; Darsow, U; Denburg, J A; Eyerich, K; Frei, R; Galli, S J; Gutermuth, J; Holt, P; Koren, H; Leung, D; Muller, U; Muraro, A; Ollert, M; O'Mahony, L; Pawankar, R; Platts-Mills, T; Rhyner, C; Rosenwasser, L J; Schmid-Grendelmeier, P; Schmidt-Weber, C B; Schmutz, W; Simon, D; Simon, H U; Sofiev, M; van Hage, M; van Ree, R (2014) Global Allergy Forum and Second Davos Declaration 2013 Allergy: Barriers to cure - challenges and actions to be taken. Allergy, 69, 8, 978-982, doi:1-.1111/all.12406.

Prank, M. Chapman, D.S. Bullock, J.M., Belmonte Soler, J. Berger, U., Dahl, A., Jäger, S., Kovtunenko, I., Magyar, D., Niemelä, S., Rantio-Lehtimäki, A., Rodinkova, V., Sauliene, I., Severova, E., Sikoparija, B., Sofiev, M. (2013) An operational model for forecasting ragweed pollen release and dispersion in Europe. Agriculture and forest meteorology doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.08.003, 182–183, 43–53.

Berger, U., Karatzas, K., Jaeger, S., Voukantsis, D., Sofiev, M., Smith, M., Brandt, O., Zuberbier, T., Bergmann, K.C. (2013) Personalized pollen-related symptom-forecast information services for patients with allergic rhinitis in Europe Allergy, 68, 963-965, doi: 10.1111/all.12181.

Galan, C., Antunes, C., Brandao, R., Torres, C., Garcia-Mozo, H., Caeiro, E., Ferro, R., Prank, M., Sofiev, M., Albertini, R., Berger, U., Cecchi, L., Celenk, S., Grewling, Ł., Jackowiak, B., Jaeger, S., Kennedy, R., Rantio-Lehtimaki, A., Reese, G., Sauliene, I., Smith, M., Thibaudon, M., Weber, B., Weichenmeier, I., Pusch, G., Buters, J. T. M. & On behalf of the HIALINE working group. (2013) Airborne olive pollen counts are not representative of exposure to the major olive allergen Ole e 1. Allergy, DOI:10.1111/all.12144.

Sofiev, M., Siljamo, P., Ranta, H., Linkosalo, T., Jaeger,S., Rasmussen, A., Rantio-Lehtimaki, A., Severova, E., Kukkonen, J. (2012) A numerical model of birch pollen emission and dispersion in the atmosphere. Description of the emission module. Int.J.Biometeorology, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22410824, doi:10.1007/s00484-012-0532-z, PMID 22410824.

Siljamo, P., Sofiev, M., Filatova, E.‏, Grewling, L., Jäger, S., Khoreva, E., Linkosalo, T., Jimenez, S.O.‏, Ranta, H., Rantio-Lehtimäki, A., Svetlov, A., Veriankaite, L.‏, Yakovleva, E., Kukkonen, J. (2012) A numerical model of birch pollen emission and dispersion in the atmosphere. Model evaluation and sensitivity analysis. Int.J.Biometeorology. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22434484, DOI 10.1007/s00484-012-0539-5, PMID 22434484.

Buters, J.T.M., Thibaudon, M., Smith, M., Kennedy, R., Rantio-Lehtimäki, A., Albertini, R., Reese, G., Weber, B., Galan, C., Brandao, R., Antunes, C., Jäger, S., Berger, U., Celenk, S., Grewling, L., Jackowiak, B., Sauliene, I., Weichenmeier, I., Pusch, G., Sarioglum, H., Ueffingm, M., Behrendt, H., Prank, M., Sofiev, M., Cecchi, L., The HIALINE working group (2012) Release of Bet v 1 from birch pollen from 5 European countries. Results from the HIALINE study, Atmosph. Environ., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.054

Linkosalo, T., Ranta, H., Oksanen, A., Siljamo, P., Luomajoki, A., Kukkonen, J., Sofiev, M. (2010) A double-threshold temperature sum model for predicting the flowering duration and relative intensity of Betula Pendula and B.Pubescens. Agric. and forest meteorol., 150, 12, 1579-1584.